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The O Antiphons refer to the seven antiphons that are recited preceding the Magnificat during Vespers of the Liturgy of the Hours. They cover the special period of Advent preparation known as the Octave before Christmas, December 17-23, with the 24 being Christmas Eve and Vespers for that evening being for the Christmas Vigil.
The exact origin of these O Antiphons is not known. At the Benedictine abbey of Fleury (Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire), these antiphons were recited by the abbot and the other abbey leaders in descending rank, and then a gift was given to each member of the community. By the eighth century, they were in use in the liturgical celebrations in Rome. The usage of the O Antiphons was so prevalent in monasteries that the phrases, ‘Keep your O’ & ‘The Great O Antiphons’ were common parlance. One may thereby conclude that in some fashion the O Antiphons have been part of liturgical tradition since the very early Church. The importance of each O Antiphon is twofold: Each one highlights a title for the Messiah:
O Sapientia, O Adonai, O Radix Jesse, O Clavis David, O Oriens, O Rex Gentium, and O Emmanuel.
Also, each one refers to the prophecy of Isaiah of the coming of the Messiah.