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Kolbe was born in 1894 in Zdunska Wola, Poland. His parents were both devout and nationalists. Once eighteen he went to Rome to study philosophy and theology. In October 1917 he and six other students formed a new body, Militia Immaculatae, which promoted devotion to the Virgin Mary, worked to secure converts, and to perform good works.
Kolbe returned to Poland to lecture at the seminary at Kracow.
When war broke out, he sent his fellow brothers away, but himself remained. He was soon interned by the Germans. He resisted pressure to apply for release, but was for a time free. He was detained again. At Auschwitz he was known discreetly to give his own food to other prisoners, even as his own health suffered, to hear confessions and, in the face of stern prohibitions, to celebrate Mass.
It was late in July 1941 that a prisoner in his own block escaped, and now Kolbe stepped forward to make his sacrifice.
In the starvation cell six of the ten who had been selected died within two weeks. Kolbe was still fully conscious when, on the eve of the Assumption of Mary, 14th August 1941, he was killed by lethal injection.
The cell where he died is now a shrine. Maximilian Kolbe was beatified as a Confessor by Paul VI in 1970, and canonized as a Martyr by Pope John Paul II in 1982.